關于情態動詞的英語語法
情態動詞是高考考查的重點語法項目之一,2005年全國17套高考試題對此都有考查,情態動詞。情態動詞主要用來表示說話人的看法、態度等,它在英語動詞中屬于最難把握的一類。
情態動詞,屬于助動詞的一種。首先我們來看看助動詞。
概 說
助動詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類:基本助動詞(primary auxiliary)和情態助動詞(modal auxiliary)。基本助動詞有三個:do, have和be;情態助動詞有十三個:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述兩類助動詞的共同特征是,在協助主動詞構成限定動詞詞組時,具有作用詞的功能:
1) 構成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
2) 構成疑問式或附加疑問式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
3) 構成修辭倒裝:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定動詞詞組:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
情態助動詞的特征
基本助動詞與情態助動詞最主要的區別之一是,基本助動詞本身沒有詞義,而情態助動詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說話人對有關動作或狀態的看法,或表示主觀設想:
What have you been doing since? (構成完成進行體,本身無詞義)
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
You may have read some account of the matter. (或許已經)
除此之外,情態助動詞還有如下詞法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態動詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式,中小學英語《情態動詞》。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2) 情態助動詞在限定動詞詞組總總是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情態助動詞用于第三人稱單數現在時的時候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情態動詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式、-ing分詞和-ed分詞形式:
Still, she needn't have run away.
5) 情態助動詞的“時”的形式并不是時間區別的主要標志。在不少場合,情態助動詞的現在時和過去時形式都可以表示現在、過去或將來時間:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情態助動詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個限定動詞詞組中只能出現一個情態助動詞,但有時卻可以與have和be基本助動詞連用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.
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